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Thus, the self enters as a locus in space and time ( Neisser, 1988 Skinner, 1972) from which the scene is remembered. Because a scene cannot be imagined or drawn without an assumed viewpoint, the scene locates the person constructing it relative to other aspects of the scene.
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The scene can be experienced as happening to the person recalling it or imagined as happening to another person. We define an event memory as the mental construction of a scene, real or imagined, for the past or the future. We propose a theory to classify and understand memory for such events, as well as for events in typical laboratory episodic memory tasks, and to place them in the broader context of explicit memory. Consistent with Tulving’s concept of mental time travel ( 1985), it might even be the expectation of an occurrence of the meal in the future. The event is remembered as a single occurrence, even though the year in which it occurred might not be clear and even though aspects of several different Thanksgiving dinners may be combined to form a single instance. Thus, we argue that event memory provides a clearer contrast to semantic memory, which also can be about the self, be recalled voluntarily, and be from a unique encoding allows for a more comprehensive dimensional account of the structure of explicit memory and better accounts for laboratory and real world behavioral and neural results, including those from neuropsychology and neuroimaging, than does episodic memory.Ĭonsider the following prototypical event chosen to be consistent with the phenomenological, behavioral, and neural data reviewed in this paper: a moment from a family meal that occurs annually at a particular holiday, here Thanksgiving dinner, during the period in which it was held at a particular person’s home with the usual people attending, sitting at their usual locations, discussing the usual topics, and being served the usual food. Event memory differs from episodic memory in that it does not conflate the independent dimensions of whether or not a memory is relived, is about the self, is recalled voluntarily, or is based on a single encoding with whether it is recalled as a single occurrence of a scene. We base our theory on scene construction rather than reliving because this allows the integration of many literatures and because there is more accumulated knowledge about scene construction’s phenomenology, behavior, and neural basis. The mental construction, or physical rendering, of any scene must be done from a specific location and time this introduces a ‘self’ located in space and time, which is a necessary, but need not be a sufficient, condition for a sense of reliving. The construction need not come with a sense of reliving or be made by a participant in the event, and it can be a summary of occurrences from more than one encoding.
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It therefore requires the hippocampus and ventral visual stream needed for all scene construction. An event memory is a mental construction of a scene recalled as a single occurrence.
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